Table 2 Potential L. Hardjo risk factors at the herd level in cattle in southwest Ethiopia using both univariate and multivariate methods

Agro-ecology

0.031

Lowland

48

30(62.5)

-

-

Mid-land

64

31(48.4)

2.6(1.3–5.5)

0.010

Highland

90

47(52.2)

2.2(1.1–4.5)

0.028

Management system

Extensive

160

88(55.0)

2.5(1.2-5.0)

0.013

2.8(1.3–5.8)

0.007

Semi-intensive

42

20(47.6)

-

-

-

-

Herd size

0.020

0.022

Large

66

40(60.6)

2.4(1.3–4.4)

0.006

2.5(1.3–4.7)

0.006

Medium

57

31(54.4)

1.5(0.8–3.1)

0.211

1.8(0.9–3.6)

0.113

Small

79

37(46.8)

-

-

-

-

Species composition

Mixed

150

87(58.0)

2.5(1.4–4.4)

0.001

2.3(1.3–4.12)

0.005

Single

52

21(40.4)

-

-

-

-

Co-grazing

Yes

160

88(55.0)

1.6(0.9–2.9)

0.122

No

58

20(47.6)

-

-

Water source

0.821

River

96

51(53.1)

1.1(0.6-2.0)

0.700

Pond

45

23(51.1)

1.2(0.6–2.5)

0.532

Well

61

34(55.7)

-

-

Accessibility to wild animal

Yes

188

103(54.8)

1.4(0.8–2.3)

0.815

No

19

5(35.7)

-

-

Introduce new animals

Yes

101

57(56.4)

1.4(0.8–2.3)

0.204

No

101

51(50.5)

-

-