Nigella sativa monophosphoryl lipid A nanoliposome: a promising antibiotic alternative and immunomodulator to control virulent pandemic drug-resistant Salmonella pullorum infection in broiler chicks

Table 2 S. pullorum colony-forming unit counts in the chicks fecal droppings and liver tissues of SP-challenged and the SP-challenged, followed by NS-MPLA treatment at different time intervals

Time	Fecal droppings		Liver tissues
Time	SP-challenged	SP-challenged, then NS-MPLA-treated	SP-challenged	NS-MPLA treated post-SP challenge
1st d	1.3 ± 0.5 × 10⁸	6.6 ± 0.0.45 × 10⁸	0.0	0.0
2nd d	1.5 ± 0.3 × 10⁸	3.7 ± 0.25 × 10⁸	0.0	0.0
3rd d	4.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁶	4.0 ± 0.6 × 10⁸	3.9 ± 0.4 × 10⁴	3.0 ± 0.5 × 10²
4th d	6.0 ± 0.3 × 10³	8.0 ± 0.75 × 10⁶	2.5 ± 0.35 × 10⁴	0.0
5th d	1.0 ± 0.25 × 10³	0.0	0.0	0.0
6th −15^thd	0.0

d day, SP S. pullorum, NS-MPLA N. sativa-purified oil-monophosphoryl lipid A nanoliposomes

ISSN: 1746-6148