Table 6 Overview of selected overlapping EEG components between humans and dogs

N1 (100ms)

First negative deflection post-stimulus onset

Occurs at 75ms in response to visual stimuli, can differentiate between human and dog faces.

Face-sensitive (170ms)

Holistic representation of a face is generated at 170 ms post stimulus onset

Emotional expression-dependent effects at 127–170 ms post stimulus onset, suggesting face processing in dogs may be connected to the processing of the affective content

Word-familiarity (200-500ms)

Observable word-familiarity effect in human infants

ERP differences between WORDS and NONSENSE conditions appeared between 650 and 800 ms following word-onset

P300 and LPP (300ms)

Associated with attention and stimulus evaluation

Dogs show a differential ERP response depending on the species of the caller between 250 and 650 ms, suggesting attentional differences to human and dog vocalizations

N400 (400ms)

Indicates speech segmentation of candidate words

Significant effect of transitional probability (220–470 ms) and possible higher order recognition (590–790 ms) after word onset