Fig. 1

Community diversity analysis. (A) Ace index was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test, marked with significance levels (* for 0.01 < P ≤ 0.05, ** for 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01, and *** for P ≤ 0.001). The y-axis represents the average values of the index for each group. (B) PCoA on ASV level. The x-axis and y-axis represent the selected principal coordinate components, and the percentages indicate the contribution of each component to the compositional differences among samples. Points of different colors or shapes represent samples from different groups, and closer proximity between two sample points indicates a greater similarity in species composition. (C) NMDS analysis among all groups (Stress = 0.081). Each point on the graph represents a sample, and the distance between points represents the degree of difference. (D) Microbial community composition of infected Brandt’s voles at the genus level. Different colors represent different species, and the size of each pie slice represents the percentage of that species. (E) Composition of gut microbiota of different groups at the phylum level. (F) Composition of gut microbiota of different groups at the genus level