Emergence of dual drug-resistant strongylids in goats: first phenotypic and genotypic evidence from Ratchaburi Province, central Thailand

Table 4 Albendazole and levamisole resistance status determined by egg hatch test and larva development test, respectively

District	Farm	Albendazole (EHT)			Levamisole (LDT)
District	Farm	Resistance status	ED₅₀	% hatch at DC^a	Resistance status	LD₅₀	% of L1 develop to L3 at DC^a
Chom Bueng	2	Resistant	0.23 ng/µl	40	-	-	-
	6	Resistant	3.06 × 10²⁰ mg/µl	98	Susceptible*	0.09 ng/µl	0
Suan Phueng	1	Resistant	0.26 ng/µl	47	-	-	-
	2	Resistant	1144 ng/µl	100	-	-	-
	3	Susceptible	0.001 ng/µl	41	-	-	-
	4	Susceptible*	0.029 ng/µl	21	Resistant	2268.2 ng/µl	56
Potharam	1	Resistant	117 mg/µl	91	Resistant	33.3 ng/µl	59
	2	Resistant	30 mg/µl	93	Resistant	127.35 ng/µl	63
	3	Resistant	836 mg/µl	98	-	-	-
	4	Resistant	91 ng/µl	100	Resistant	3.37 ng/µl	68
	5	Resistant	1040 mg/µl	98	-	-	-
	6	Resistant	768 mg/µl	99	-	-	-
Ban Pong	1	Resistant	22 × 10⁹ mg/µl	97	-	-	-
	2	Resistant	29 × 10⁶ mg/µl	99	-	-	-
	3	Resistant	12 × 10⁴ mg/µl	96	-	-	-
	4	Resistant	21 × 10⁴ mg/µl	91	-	-	-
	6	Resistant	38 × 10⁷ mg/µl	90	Resistant	3.54 ng/µl	73
Bang Phae	2	Resistant	7.28 × 10⁶ mg/µl	97	-	-	-
	3	Resistant	2.85 × 10²¹ mg/µl	97	Susceptible*	0.78 ng/µl	8
	6	Resistant	1.28 × 10⁴ mg/µl	100	-	-	-

A dash (-) indicates no data was obtained due to insufficient eggs collected. An asterisk (*) indicates that the genotype result obtained contrasted with the phenotype resistance status
^aDC (discriminating dose) indicates the dose of the drug that is supposed to result in the mortality of the target organism. The DC indicating albendazole resistance is > 0.1 ng/µl, while for levamisole is > 2 ng/µl

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