Table 9 Risk factors associated with canine tick-borne diseases with univariable logistic regression analysis, *= significant at p < 0.05; **= significant at p < 0.01, ***=significant at p < 0.001, abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio

Babesia spp.

Sex

Male

38

23.46

0.77

0.47–1.25

0.277

Female

51

28.49

1.00

Age-group

Puppy

4

36.36)

1.89

0.48–6.53

0.324

Juvenile

13

25.00

1.10

0.53–2.18

0.278

Adult

51

23.18

1.00

Geriatric

21

36.21

1.88

1.00-3.48

0.046*

Tick Infestation

Yes

41

43.16

3.13

1.87–5.25

0.000***

No

48

19.51

1

Clinical signs

Yes

12

20.34

0.68

0.33–1.31

0.270

No

77

27.30

1

Type of dog

Pet

13

16.46

1.00

Stray

76

29.01

2.07

1.11–4.13

0.028*

H. canis

Sex

Male

6

3.70

1.11

0.34–3.61

0.860

Female

6

3.35

1

Age-group

Puppy

0

0

-

Juvenile

1

1.92

0.52

0.03–2.92

0.541

Adult

8

3.64

1

Geriatric

3

5.17

1.45

0.31–5.18

0.595

Tick Infestation

Yes

7

7.37

3.83

1.19–13.2

0.025*

No

5

2.03

1

Clinical signs

Yes

2

3.39

0.95

0.14–3.74

0.953

No

10

3.55

1

Type of dog

Pet

2

2.53

1

Stray

10

3.82

1.53

0.39–10.1

0.598

E. canis

Sex

Male

7

4.32

0.58

0.21–1.45

0.253

Female

13

7.26

1

Age-group

Puppy

0

0

-

Juvenile

5

9.62

1.57

0.49–4.32

0.411

Adult

14

6.36

1

Geriatric

1

1.72

0.26

0.01–1.33

0.195

Tick Infestation

Yes

10

10.53

2.78

1.10–6.99

0.028*

No

10

4.07

1

Clinical signs

Yes

6

10.17

2.17

0.74–5.67

0.13

No

14

4.96

1

Type of dog

Pet

4

5.06

1

Stray

16

6.11

1.22

0.43–4.36

0.73

A. platys

Sex

Male

1

0.62

0.12

0.01–0.64

0.043*

Female

9

5.03

1

Age-group

Puppy

0

0

-

Juvenile

1

1.92

0.52

0.03–2.92

0.541

Adult

8

3.64

1

-

Geriatric

1

1.72

0.47

0.02–2.61

0.475

Tick Infestation

Yes

5

5.26

2.68

0.73–9.84

0.126

No

5

2.03

1

Clinical signs

Yes

1

1.69

0.52

0.03–2.86

0.542

No

9

3.19

1

Type of dog

Pet

2

2.53

1

Stray

8

3.05

1.21

0.29–8.15

0.810

At least one

Sex

Male

42

35.75

0.63

0.39–0.99

0.051

Female

64

25.93

1

Age-group

Puppy

4

36.36

1.33

0.34–4.57

0.655

Juvenile

15

28.85

0.95

0.48–1.81

0.870

Adult

66

30.00

1

Geriatric

21

36.21

1.32

0.71–2.42

0.365

Tick Infestation

Yes

46

48.42

2.91

1.77–4.80

0.000***

No

60

24.39

1

Clinical signs

Yes

18

30.51

0.97

0.51–1.76

0.916

No

88

31.21

1

Type of dog

Pet

18

22.78

1

Stray

88

33.59

1.71

0.71–3.15

0.071