Fig. 3

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) factor map displaying blood parameter data from the Bonelli’s eagle nestling reference population (<50 days of age) (\(n=117\)) (A) PCA factor map illustrates the relationships between biochemical parameters in the total population as coordinates in Dimension 1 and 2 (Dim1 and Dim2). The parameters contributing the most to each dimension are depicted by the longest distance to the coordinate origin and are color-coded with warmer colors (red and orange). Total Proteins and AST exert the highest contributions to Dim 1, while Potassium (K) has the highest contribution to Dim 2. (B) PCA biplot categorized by captivity. Individuals of captive (blue) and wild (yellow) birds are represented as coordinates in the first two-dimensional plane. The confidence ellipse delineates the region containing 95% of samples, indicating that the reference population of nestlings clusters into two distinct populations