Fig. 1

Overview of deep learning-based analysis for mitral regurgitation severity in myxomatous mitral valve disease patients. This figure describes a systematic approach for collecting, preprocessing, and analyzing PCG data from dogs with MMVD to classify MR severity of mitral regurgitation. Data were acquired using a digital stethoscope and preprocessed, visualized, and analyzed using deep learning models. CNN, convolutional neural network; Fbank, filter bank; MMVD, myxomatous mitral valve disease; PaSST, patch-mix audio spectrogram transformer; PCG, phonocardiogram; ResNet, residual neural network