Encapsulated phytogenic oils enhance in vitro rumen fermentation and reduce methane emissions

BMC Veterinary Research

Table 1 Characterization of feed ingredients, chemical composition, and phytochemical components of additive

Items	Concentrate	Rice straw	mBFS-GOE	nRBRBOE
Ingredients (% as fed)
Cassava chip	54.0
Rice bran meal	17.0
Palm kernel meal	13.0
Soybean meal	10.5
Urea	2.5
Sulphur	1.0
Salt	1.0
Mineral mix¹	1.0
Chemical composition
Dry matter (DM, %)	90.5	89.4	92.6	-
	----------------------% dry matter-----------------------
Organic matter (OM)	92.2	85.4	93.9	-
Crude protein (CP)	14.6	2.4	22.1	-
Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF)	20.5	78.9	17.4	-
Acid-detergent fiber (ADF)	8.2	52.6	23.2	-
Ether extract (%)			2.3	27.7
Phytonutrition content
TPC (mg GAE/g DM or RO)	-	-	955.5	102.3
TFC (mg QUE/g DM or RO)	-	-	94.8	30.2
Total anthocyanin (µg Cy 3-glc/g RO)	-	-	-	90.1
Antioxidative values
DPPH inhibition (%)	-	-	51.5	17.6
ABTS inhibition (%)	-	-	15.4	20.8
FRAP capacity (g TROE/kg DM)	-	-	17.3	11.0
Encapsulation efficiency (%)	-	-	84.7	67.7

mBSF-GOE, microencapsulated of black soldier fly-based protein extract mixed with garlic oil extract; nRBRBOE, nanoemulsified riceberry rice bran oil; RO, rice oil extract, TPC, total phenolic content; TFC, total flavonoid content; DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as DPPH radical scavenging activity; ABTS [2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] as ABTS radical scavenging activity; FRAP = ferric reducing antioxidant power; GAE, garlic acid equivalent; QUE, quercetin equivalent; TROE, Trolox equivalent; Cy 3-glc, cyanidin 3-gluciside. ¹ Mineral premix (contains per kg): vitamin A 10,000,000 IU; vitamin D 1,600,000 IU; vitamin E 70,000 IU; Fe 50 g; Mn 40 g; Zn 40 g; Cu 10 g; I 0.5 g; Se 0.1 g; Co 0.1 g

ISSN: 1746-6148