Encapsulated phytogenic oils enhance in vitro rumen fermentation and reduce methane emissions

BMC Veterinary Research

Table 4 Effect of microencapsulated black soldier fly-based protein extract (BSF) mixed with garlic oil extract (GOE) and nanoemulsified riceberry rice bran oil (nRBRBOE) ratio supplementation on in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, total VFA production, and methane (CH₄) production

Treatment	mBSF-GOE to nRBRBOE ratios, (mg)	VFA (mol/100 ml)			C₂:C₃ Ratio	Total VFA (mmol/L)	Methane production (%)
Treatment	mBSF-GOE to nRBRBOE ratios, (mg)	C₂	C₃	C₄	C₂:C₃ Ratio	Total VFA (mmol/L)	12 h	24 h
T1	0:0	69.5^a	20.4^c	10.2	3.4^a	104.1^c	16.6	19.4^a
T2	6:0	66.5^c	22.8^b	11.1	2.9^ab	121.8^b	16.3	7.0^b
T3	4:2	67.2^b	27.1^a	10.8	2.5^c	124.6^b	14.0	8.5^b
T4	2:4	66.5^c	22.5^b	11.0	3.0^b	124.2^b	12.9	8.3^b
T5	0:6	67.4^b	22.3^b	10.3	3.0^b	131.1^a	12.9	7.7^b
SEM		0.69	0.64	0.08	0.08	4.12	0.71	0.66
Orthogonal polynomials
Linear		0.01	0.01	0.09	0.01	0. 03	0.44	< 0.01
Quadratic		0.32	0.21	0.13	0.34	0.46	0.50	0.02
Cubic		0.94	0.76	0.12	0.96	0.83	0.57	0.44

VFA, volatile fatty acids; C₂, acetate; C₃, propionate; C₄, butyrate; C₂:C₃, acetate to propionate ratio; ^a−c Means with different superscripts within a column are significantly different (p < 0.05); treatments are expressed as mean and values are calculated from a minimum of three replicates

ISSN: 1746-6148