Table 2 Veterinary education, training, and perspectives on antimicrobials of surveyed veterinarians in Palestine, 2024
Variable | Number of Veterinarians, n (%) | Confidence interval (95%) |
|---|---|---|
University of training | ||
Middle East | 97(93.3) | 88.5,98.1 |
Europe | 5(4.8) | 1.0,9.6 |
North America | 1(1.0) | 0.0,2.9 |
Eastern Asia | 1(1.0) | 0.0,2.9 |
Study Language | ||
English | 97(93.3) | 87.5,98.1 |
Arabic | 3(2.9) | 0.0,6.7 |
Other | 4(3.8) | 1.0,7.7 |
Study Period (Years) | ||
4 | 1(1.0) | 0.0,2.9 |
5 | 95(91.3) | 84.6,962 |
6 | 5(4.8) | 0.0,6.7 |
7 | 3(2.9) | 0.0,2.9 |
What is the emphasis on antimicrobials in your veterinary school education (non-clinical years)? | ||
Emphasized in multiple courses | 42(40.4) | 31.7,50.0 |
Light emphasis | 18(17.3) | 10.6,24.0 |
Covered thoroughly in one course | 44(42.3) | 32.7,51.0 |
What is the emphasis on antimicrobials in your veterinary school education (clinical years) | ||
Emphasized in multiple courses | 48(46.2) | 36.5,55.8 |
Light emphasis | 18(17.3) | 10.6,25.0 |
Covered thoroughly in one course | 38(36.5) | 27.9,46.2 |
What is the background of the person primarily responsible for teaching you about antimicrobials during your veterinary education? | ||
PhD Pharmacologist/clinical pharmacologist | 9(8.7) | 3.8,14.4 |
Master’s in veterinary pharmacology | 5(4.8) | 1.0,9.6 |
General Veterinarian | 90(86.5) | 79.8,92.3 |
Additional post-graduate qualifications | ||
No | 60(57.7) | 48.1,67.3 |
Master | 36(34.6) | 25.0,43.3 |
PhD | 8(7.7) | 2.9,13.5 |
Have you attended any training courses/conferences to update your knowledge on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance? | ||
Yes | 57(54.8) | 46.2,64.4 |
No | 47(45.2) | 35.6,53.8 |
What are the main sources that you use to receive current information on antimicrobials and their use? (Multiple selection) | ||
Practice policy | 53(26.6) | |
Textbook/drug handbook | 73(36.7) | |
Peer-reviewed scientific literature | 31(15.6) | |
Veterinary medicine directorates | 5(2.5) | |
Continuing professional development courses | 14(7.0) | |
Pharmaceutical companies | 23(11.6) | |
How much do you know about the list of antimicrobials that are prohibited for use in animals, which has been determined by the World Health Organization? | ||
I Don’t Know | 8(7.7) | 2.9,13.5 |
Simple knowledge | 48(46.2) | 37.5,54.8 |
Quite adequate | 48(46.2) | 37.5,54.8 |
I believe that using two or more classes of Antimicrobials together is always a better option to control the infection. | ||
Yes | 41(39.4) | 29.8,49.0 |
Sometimes | 47(45.2) | 35.6,54.8 |
No | 16(15.4) | 8.7,23.1 |
I believe that broad-spectrum antimicrobials are a better option than using highly selective antimicrobials even when narrow-spectrum medications are available. | ||
Yes | 41(39.4) | 29.8,49.0 |
Sometimes | 28(26.9) | 19.2,35.6 |
No | 35(33.7) | 25.0,43.3 |
What is your opinion on restricting “priority antimicrobials” to human use only? | ||
Yes, we avoid using “for human use only” antimicrobials in animals | 28(26.9) | 19.2,35.6 |
No, it is not possible to completely avoid these medications | 76(73.1) | 64.4,80.8 |
What are the alternatives to antimicrobials (Multiple selection) | ||
Vaccine | 86(33.9) | |
Immunostimulants | 82(32.3) | |
Nutrition | 76(29.9) | |
Disinfectants | 10(3.9) | |