Skip to main content
Download PDF

Prevalence of Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in wild rodents

BMC Veterinary Research volume 21, Article number: 218 (2025) Cite this article

This article has been updated

Abstract

Background

Pentatrichomonas hominis is a zoonotic pathogen linked to gastrointestinal diseases in various animal species and humans. However, its prevalence of in wild rodents remains unexplored. Therefore, investigating the prevalence and molecular characteristics of P. hominis in wild rodents is essential.

Methods

This study assessed the prevalence of P. hominis in wild rodents by analyzing 510 fecal samples using nested PCR. Statistical analysis of risk factors was performed with SAS (v9.0) and SPSS software.

Results

The infection rates were 18.18% (16/88) in Yunnan, 0.94% (3/319) in Hunan, and 0% (0/103) in Guangxi. Among the species, Rattus rattus sladeni had the highest infection rate at 40% (2/5), followed by R. flavipectus at 23.08% (9/39), while Niviventer lotipes (0%, 0/23) and R. losea (0%, 0/41) showed no infection. Seasonally, the highest prevalence was observed in autumn (18.18%, 16/88) and the lowest in winter (0%, 0/103). Rodents from farmland had significantly higher infection rates than mountain areas (0%, 0/103) and lakeshores (0.32%, 1/312). Although female rodents had a higher infection rate (4.62%, 11/238) compared to males (2.94%, 8/272), the difference was not statistically significant. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all P. hominis strains identified belonged to the zoonotic CC1 genotype.

Conclusions

This study is the first to describe the distribution of P. hominis in wild rodents, paving the way for further epidemiological research on this parasite in wild animals. Such research is crucial for developing strategies to protect human health from zoonotic threats from wild rodents.

Graphical Abstract

Peer Review reports

Background

Pentatrichomonas hominis, formerly Trichomonas hominis, is a flagellated anaerobic protozoan classified as an opportunistic pathogen transmitted via the fecal-oral route [1]. It primarily resides in the large intestine of humans and other animals and was initially regarded as a commensal organism [2]. However, subsequent studies have confirmed its potential to cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, in humans, cats, dogs, and cattle [3,4,5,6]. Additionally, P. hominis has been implicated in respiratory infections, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus in humans [7,8,9,10]. A recent study in China found that approximately 41.54% of patients with gastrointestinal cancer are infected with P. hominis, underscoring its potential threat to human health [11].

Currently, three genotypes of P. hominis have been identified: CC1, CC2, and CC3 [12]. CC1 is the most prevalent and has been detected in various animals, including humans, suggesting its zoonotic potential [2, 13]. In contrast, CC2 and CC3 have been found only in dogs in Northeast China, with no confirmed cases of zoonosis, indicating a need for further research.

Wild rodents, with their strong adaptability to different environments, are widespread in natural environments and closely interact with human populations. They have long been recognized as reservoirs for bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and can contaminate water and food sources by excreting pathogens [14,15,16]. Additionally, in some provinces of China, the consumption of field mice is a dietary habit, further heightening the public health risk. While the prevalence of P. hominis has been studied in various vertebrates, including farmed wild animals (e.g., foxes, raccoon dogs, sika deer, minks, and Siberian tigers), pigs, cattle, goats, dogs, cats, and non-human primates [17,18,19,20,21], its presence in wild rodents remains underexplored. Thus, this study aims to detect P. hominis in the fecal samples of wild rodents using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate its prevalence in these populations. It is the first to focus on the prevalence of P. hominis in wild rodents, providing novel epidemiological data on this parasite in wild animals and offering a scientific basis for public health safety measures.

Materials and methods

Study design and sample collection

From August 2023 to May 2024, a total of 510 adult wild rodents were randomly captured for this study, representing the following species: Bandicota indica (n = 39), Microtus fortis (n = 305), Rattus norvegicus (n = 31), Rattus rattus sladeni (n = 5), Rattus flavipectus (n = 39), Rattus losea (n = 41), Apodemus agrarius (n = 14), Niviventer lotipes (n = 23), and Mus musculus (n = 13). The samples were collected from three regions in China: Hunan Province (n = 319), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (n = 103), and Yunnan Province (n = 88) (Fig. 1). Detailed information, including gender, sampling time, season, region, and species, was recorded for each rodent. Wild rodents were captured using mousetraps, and fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum. These samples were then stored on dry ice and promptly transported to the laboratory, where they were kept at -80 °C. All procedures for sample collection were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qingdao Agricultural University (Approval No. QAU-AEW-20200701001) and adhered strictly to the relevant regulations.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Geographical locations of sample collection sites. The star marks the location of the capital of China

Full size image

DNA extraction

Genomic DNA was extracted from 200 mg of each fecal sample using the E.Z.N.A.® Stool DNA Kit (Omega Biotek, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Before extraction, the samples were homogenized using a vortex mixer (JOANLAB, Zhejiang, China). The extracted DNA was stored at -20 °C until further analysis.

PCR analysis

The presence of P. hominis was detected using nested PCR amplification targeting a 339 bp fragment of the 18 S rRNA gene (Table 1). The primers were designed based on studies by Crucitti et al. [22]. and Gookin et al. [23]. The PCR reactions were carried out on a Thermal Cycle gradient PCR instrument (Monad, Jiangsu, China). The first-round PCR conditions were: 95 °C for 5 min; followed by 33 cycles of 94 °C for 60 s, 59 °C for 60 s, and 72 °C for 60 s; and a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. The second-round PCR used 4 µL of the first-round product with the following conditions: 95 °C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 94 °C for 60 s, 61 °C for 60 s, and 72 °C for 60 s; and a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. Both positive and negative controls were included in each round of PCR. PCR products were analyzed using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and all positive samples were sent to Anhui General Co., China, for sequencing.

Table 1 Details of primers used in this study
Full size table

Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis

The sequences obtained were aligned against reference sequences in the GenBank database using BLAST. To minimize redundancy and identify representative sequences, the data were compiled into a FASTA format file and clustered using the CD-HIT tool (v4.8.1) with a 99% similarity threshold. One representative sequence was selected for phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA11, employing the Kimura 2-parameter model, and the reliability of the clusters was evaluated with 1,000 bootstrap replicates.

Additionally, six sequences were aligned using MAFFT (v7.475), and phylogenetic trees were constructed using IQ-Tree (v2.1.2) with default parameters. Visualization was performed using iTOL (v7.0).

Statistical analysis

Statistical differences among species, regions, sexes, seasons, and environments were assessed using the chi-square test in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, v9.0). Risk factors associated with the prevalence of P. hominis were also analyzed. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the Chi-square test in Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Accession numbers for nucleotide sequences

The representative sequence obtained in this study has been submitted to GenBank and assigned the following accession number: PQ186844.

Results

Out of 510 fecal samples, P. hominis was identified in 19 cases (3.73%). Yunnan Province had the highest infection rate at 18.18% (16/88), followed by Hunan Province at 0.94% (3/319), and no infections were detected in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (0%, 0/103; Table 2). Seasonal analysis revealed the highest prevalence in autumn (18.18%, 16/88), followed by summer (0.94%, 3/319), with no infections observed in winter (0%, 0/103). Infection rates varied by environment, with the highest in rodents from farmland (18.95%, 18/95), followed by those from lakeshores (0.32%, 1/312), and no infections in rodents from mountain areas (0%, 0/103). Significant differences were observed among species, with R. rattus sladeni (40%, 2/5) and R. flavipectus (23.08%, 9/39) showing the highest infection rates, while R. losea (0%, 0/41) and Niviventer lotipes (0%, 0/23) were uninfected. Gender did not significantly affect infection rates, with males (2.94%, 8/272) and females (4.62%, 11/238) showing no significant difference (Table 2).

Table 2 Factors influencing the prevalence of Pentatrichomonas hominis among wild rodents, including environmental, ecological, and demographic variables
Full size table

Logistic regression analysis using forward stepwise selection in SAS revealed that region (χ²=37.67, df = 2, I²=94.7%), season (χ²=37.67, df = 2, I²=94.7%), and environment (χ²=47.59, df = 2, I²=95.8%) significantly impacted the prevalence of P. hominis in wild rodents.

Molecular characterization of P. hominis was conducted through BLAST analysis of the 18 S rRNA sequences. The sequences (GenBank: PQ186844) showed 100% homology with the CC1 genotype (GenBank: KJ404269; Changchun; Canine). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all sequences obtained belonged to P. hominis (Fig. 2).

In the phylogenetic network, CC1 genotypes can be clearly distinguished from CC2 and CC3 genotypes (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Phylogenetic relationships of Pentatrichomonas hominis based on 18 S rRNA sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood analysis with genetic distances calculated by the Kimura 2-parameter model. Bootstrap values greater than 50% are indicated. The sequence of P. hominis isolated in this study is indicated with a triangle

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

The phylogenetic network of the genotypes of P. hominis in this study

Full size image

Discussion

Previous studies have demonstrated that P. hominis exhibits a high prevalence in various wild animals, including monkeys (46.67%), Siberian tigers (31.30%), sika deer (20%), and raccoon dogs (11.6%) suggesting its extensive transmission capability among wildlife [2, 14, 15, 24]. Additionally, P. hominis has been detected in a diverse range of species, such as boa constrictors, turkeys, bull, pigs, and goats, highlighting its strong host adaptability [17, 25,26,27,28].

Notably, many companion animals infected with P. hominis exhibit symptoms of diarrhea. For instance, three cases of P. hominis were identified among 14 diarrheic puppies in South Korea, and the parasite was found in all four kittens with diarrhea in the United States [29, 30]. Furthermore, P. hominis infections have been reported in humans, with two cases detected among 50 patients with diarrhea in China [2]. This underscores the potential for zoonotic transmission of P. hominis through contact with infected animals [31].

The study found an overall infection rate of 3.73% for P. hominis in wild rodents from southern China. This rate exceeds the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (3.2%) in the same host species from the same region [32]. Regionally, Yunnan Province exhibited the highest infection rate (18.18%), followed by Hunan Province (0.94%), with no infections detected in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (0%) These findings suggest that geographic location significantly influences parasite prevalence, which aligns with observations of P. hominis in Siberian tigers [15].

Significant differences in infection rates were also observed among rodent species. The highest infection rate was found in R. rattus sladeni (40%, 2/5), while no infections were detected in R. flavipectus (0%, 0/41) and Niviventer lotipes (0%, 0/23). This variation mirrors findings from studies on the prevalence of P. hominis in non-human primates in Brazil [33]. Seasonality also appeared to influence infection rates, with autumn showing a significantly higher prevalence (18.18%) compared to summer (0.94%) and winter (0%). It is hypothesized that the mild and humid conditions in autumn may facilitate the development and transmission of parasites, leading to increased infection rates [34].

The study also revealed that female rodents (4.62%, 11/238) had a higher infection rate than males (2.94%, 8/272), consistent with findings from Li et al. [2]. and similar research on Siberian tigers [15]. However, the lack of statistically significant differences between genders across studies suggests that P. hominis infection may be gender-neutral across various species and geographical distributions. Additionally, epidemiological data suggest that the infection rate of P. hominis is related to the age of the host [2, 15]. However, this study did not collect samples from juvenile wild rodents, resulting in insufficient data. Future research should expand the sampling range to address this gap.

Environmental factors were identified as significant risk factors for P. hominis infection. The highest prevalence was observed in farmland areas (18.95%, 18/95), compared to mountainous areas (0%, 0/103) and lakeshores (0.32%, 1/312). Given that P. hominis is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, the elevated infection rate in farmland areas may be attributed to the abundant food resources, which attract birds and other wild animals. This, in turn, increases the likelihood of rodents coming into contact with the feces of infected animals, thereby increasing the risk of infection. This scenario also increases the risk of transmission to humans and domestic animals, posing a threat to public health. Notably, the vertical transmission potential of P. hominis in wild rodents has not been studied. Future studies should focus on whether the parasite can be transmitted from mother to offspring and how long it survives in voles. This will help to understand the transmission dynamics of the disease in wild rodent populations and provide important scientific basis for the prevention and control of the disease.

The most common genotype of P. hominis, CC1, has been identified in a wide range of hosts, including raccoon dogs (GenBank: OM763803), foxes (GenBank: OM763804), dogs (GenBank: KJ408929), cats (GenBank: MG015711), monkeys (GenBank: KJ408932), and humans (GenBank: MK177542), indicating a lack of host specificity. Other genotypes, CC2 (GenBank: MJ40931) and CC3 (GenBank: KJ408928), have also been identified in dogs from the northeastern part of China [2]. In this study, genetic analysis of 18 S rRNA sequences confirmed that the P. hominis identified in wild rodents from Hunan and Yunnan Provinces belong to the CC1 genotype. The genetic similarity between the P. hominis sequences in this study and those from other hosts (e.g., dogs, foxes, cattle) [6] suggests that they belong to the same species, further confirming the zoonotic potential of P. hominis.

Conclusions

This study is the first to describe the distribution of P. hominis in wild rodents, paving the way for further epidemiological research on this parasite in wild animals. The findings confirm that wild rodents can serve as reservoirs for the zoonotic pathogen P. hominis, underscoring the need for expanded research to investigate the specific mechanisms of infection and transmission. Such research is crucial for developing strategies to protect human health from zoonotic threats from wild rodents.

Data availability

The representative sequence obtained in this study has been submitted to GenBank and assigned the following accession number (GenBank: PQ186844).

Change history

  • 13 April 2025

    This article was rejected as the authors found that a correction was left in the abstract and that they requested to have these added data be removed from the published version.

Abbreviations

P. hominis:

Pentatrichomonas hominis

PCR:

Polymerase Chain Reaction

SAS:

Statistical Analysis System

SPSS:

Statistical Product and Service Solutions

References

  1. Mahittikorn A, Udonsom R, Koompapong K, Chiabchalard R, Sutthikornchai C, Sreepian PM, et al. Molecular identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in animals in central and Western Thailand. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17:203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Li WC, Ying M, Gong PT, Li JH, Yang J, Li H, et al. Pentatrichomonas hominis: prevalence and molecular characterization in humans, dogs, and monkeys in Northern China. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:569–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Abdo SM, Elhawary NM, Ghallab MMI, Elhadad H. Pentatrichomonas hominis and other intestinal parasites in school-aged children: coproscopic survey. J Parasitic Diseases: Official Organ Indian Soc Parasitol. 2022;46:896–900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bastos BF, Brener B, de Figueiredo MA, Leles D, Mendes-de-Almeida F. Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in two domestic cats with chronic diarrhea. JFMS Open Rep. 2018;4:1.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Li WC, Gong PT, Ying M, Li JH, Yang J, Li H, et al. Pentatrichomonas hominis: first isolation from the feces of a dog with diarrhea in China. Parasitol Res. 2014;113:1795–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Li WC, Huang JM, Fang Z, Ren Q, Tang L, Kan ZZ, et al. Prevalence of Tetratrichomonas buttreyi and Pentatrichomonas hominis in yellow cattle, dairy cattle, and water Buffalo in China. Parasitol Res. 2020;119:637–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mantini C, Souppart L, Noel C, Duong TH, Mornet M, Carroger G, et al. Molecular characterization of a new Tetratrichomonas species in a patient with empyema. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:2336–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Dogan N, Tuzemen NU. Three Pentatrichomonas hominis cases presenting with Gastrointestinal symptoms. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi. 2018;42:168–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Compaoré C, Lekpa FK, Nebie L, Niamba P, Niakara A. Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. Rheumatology. 2013;52:1534–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jongwutiwes S, Silachamroon U, Putaporntip C. Pentatrichomonas hominis in empyema thoracis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;2:185–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang N, Zhang H, Yu Y, Gong P, Li J, Li Z, et al. High prevalence of Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in Gastrointestinal cancer patients. Parasites Vectors. 2019;12:423.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Li WC, Wang K, Zhang W, Wu J, Gu YF, Zhang XC. Prevalence and molecular characterization of intestinal Trichomonads in pet dogs in East China. Korean J Parasitol. 2016;54:703–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Song P, Guo Y, Zuo S, Li L, Liu F, Zhang T, et al. Prevalence of Pentatrichomonas hominis in foxes and raccoon dogs and changes in the gut microbiota of infected female foxes in the Hebei and Henan provinces in China. Parasitol Res. 2023;123:74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Guo Y, Li Z, Dong S, Si X, Ta N, Liang H, et al. Multiple infections of zoonotic pathogens in wild Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Veterinary Med Sci. 2023;9:2201–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang T, Yu K, Xu J, Cao W, Wang YQ, Wang JY, et al. Enterocytozoon bieneusi inwild rats and shrews from Zhejiang Province, China: occurrence, genetic characterization,and potential for zoonotic transmission. Microorganisms. 2024;12:811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Ni HB, Sun YZ, Qin SY, Wang YC, Zhao Q, Sun ZY, et al. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in wild rodents from six provinces in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:783508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Li X, Li J, Zhang X, Yang Z, Yang J, Gong P. Prevalence of Pentatrichomonas hominis infections in six farmed wildlife species in Jilin, China. Vet Parasitol. 2017;244:160–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang H, Zhang N, Gong P, Cheng S, Wang X, Li X, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Pentatrichomonas hominis in Siberian Tigers (Panthera Tigris altaica) in Northeast China. Integr Zool. 2022;17:543–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang ZR, Fan QX, Wang JL, Zhang S, Wang YX, Zhang ZD, et al. Molecular identification and survey of Trichomonad species in pigs in Shanxi Province, North China. Veterinary Sci. 2024;11:5.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Li WC, Wang K, Gu Y. Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. and Pentatrichomonas hominis in sheep and goats in China. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Tuska-Szalay B, Gilbert J, Takacs N, Boldogh SA, Fay J, Sterczer A et al. Molecular-phylogenetic investigation of Trichomonads in dogs and cats reveals a novel Tritrichomonas species. Parasites & Vectors. 2024;17:271.

  22. Crucitti T, Abdellati S, Ross DA, Changalucha J, Dyck E, Buve A. Detection of Pentatrichomonas hominis DNA in biological specimens by PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004;38:510–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gookin JL, Stauffer SH, Levy MG. Identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in feline fecal samples by polymerase chain reaction assay. Vet Parasitol. 2007;145:11–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen DQ, Wang QY, Li QQ, Luo XY, Wu XH, Wang JP, et al. The first report of Tritrichomonas foetus and Tetratrichomonas buttreyi in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes Procyonoides) in China. Acta Parasitol. 2024. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s11686-024-00858-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dimasuay KG, Rivera WL. Molecular characterization of trichomonads isolated from animal hosts in the Philippines. Vet Parasitol. 2013;196:289–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Durairaj V, Steven Clark EB, Veen RV. Concurrent infection of Histomonas meleagridis and Pentatrichomonas hominis in a Blackhead disease outbreak in Turkeys. Avian Dis. 2023;67:124–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Silva ORE, Ribeiro L, Jesus VLT, McIntosh D, Silenciato LN, Ferreira JE, et al. Identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in preputial washes of bulls in Brazil. Brazilian J Veterinary Parasitol. 2022;31:e005322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Li WC, Wang K, Li Y, Zhao LP, Xiao Y, Gu YF. Survey and molecular characterization of Trichomonads in pigs in Anhui Province, East China, 2014. Iran J Parasitol. 2018;4:602–10.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kim YA, Kim HY, Cho SH, Cheun HI, Yu JR, Lee SE. PCR detection and molecular characterization of Pentatrichomonas hominis from feces of dogs with diarrhea in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2010;48:9–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Romatowski J. Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in four kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;8:1270–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Filipe J, Lauzi S, Marinoni V, Servida F, Dall’Ara P. Zoonoses and pet owners: A survey on risk perception in Northern Italy. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;112:102224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Yin CC, He Y, Zhou DH, Yan C, He XH, Wu SM, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in rats in Southern China. J Parasitol. 2010;96:1233–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Dib LV, Barbosa ADS, Correa LL, Torres BDS, Pissinatti A, Moreira SB, et al. Morphological and molecular characterization of parabasilids isolated from ex situ nonhuman primates and their keepers at different institutions in Brazil. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2024;24:100946.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Cai W, Cheng C, Feng Q, Ma Y, Hua E, Jiang S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Gastrointestinal parasites in goats (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries) from three provinces of China. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1287835.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

None.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yan Tang and Hai-Tao Wang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, PR China

    Yan Tang

  2. College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, PR China

    Hai-Tao Wang & Quan Zhao

  3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China

    Hai-Tao Wang, Qing-Yu Hou, He Ma, Ya Qin & Shuo Liu

  4. Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China

    Jing-Hao Li & Si-Yuan Qin

  5. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK

    Hany M. Elsheikha

Authors
  1. Yan Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hai-Tao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jing-Hao Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Qing-Yu Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  5. Si-Yuan Qin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  6. He Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ya Qin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  8. Quan Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  9. Hany M. Elsheikha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  10. Shuo Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Shuo Liu and Hai-Tao Wang: Methodology, Software, Writing-original draft. Qing-Yu Hou: Data curation, Methodology, Writing-review & editing. Si-Yuan Qin, Ya Qin, and He Ma: Data curation, Resources, Visualization, Writing-review & editing. Jing-Hao Li: Supervision, Writing-review & editing. Quan Zhao: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing-review & editing. Hany M. Elsheikha, and Yan Tang: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing-review & editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Quan Zhao, Hany M. Elsheikha or Shuo Liu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures in this study were approved by the Research Ethics Committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals at Qingdao Agricultural University, China.

Consent for publication

All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tang, Y., Wang, HT., Li, JH. et al. Prevalence of Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in wild rodents. BMC Vet Res 21, 218 (2025). https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12917-025-04604-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12917-025-04604-3

Keywords

BMC Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1746-6148

Contact us