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Fig. 2 | BMC Veterinary Research

Fig. 2

From: Comparative physiological and immunological impacts of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed water supplements on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): effects on disease resistance and health parameters

Fig. 2

Expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL- 1β and TNF-α mRNA in kidney and spleen tissues of C. gariepinus exposed to M. oleifera treatments over 6 weeks. Asterisks indicate significant differences from control group (*P ≤ 0.05). a IL- 1β expression in kidney showing maximum upregulation (2.85-fold) in seeds treatment at week 6. b IL- 1β expression in spleen reaching 3.15-fold increase in seeds treatment. c TNF-α expression in kidney demonstrating 2.65-fold increase with seeds treatment. d TNF-α expression in spleen showing highest upregulation (4.15-fold) among all tissues

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BMC Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1746-6148

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